Incidental Finding in Neuro Imaging

Especially in Neuroimaging Scan

A subject comes as a volunteer for normal subject on cognitive research but unexpectedly abnormal findings  during the scanning. This phenomena can occur in many other research that have potentially serious implications for volunteer's medical health, insurance coverage, psychological well-being and employment. 

The principal investigator should communicates to that volunteer in right away. A follow up a letter will be sent to the subject for appropriate clinical referral. Why? Because the data are analyzed only for the purposes of addressing the specific research objectives.

Neurocognitive

Cognition is the mental processes which includes attention, memory, producing and understanding, language, learning, reasoning, problem solving and decision making. It is about the human thought and we can relate it with the other concepts in order to widen the scope.

Neurocognitive is relating to the central nervous system (CNS) and cognitive abilities. CNS denoted of two portions that are brain and spinal cord. All the electrical signals then forward to others body organ such as eye, face, ears, mouth etc..

Trauma Brain Injury (TBI)

Every year, motorcyclist caused the major factor of road accident in Malaysia.
The body part that can affect seriously is the brain.

There are two division of brain injury. Closed head and open head. If the skull is not fractured, so it will considering as Close Head but if the skull is penetrated so it show Open Head.

Effects after  Accident

- Headachers

- Motor (with sensory probelm)

-paralysist

- nausea

                                                                                                              

Our Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

There are four sections or lobes in the brains which are temporal lobe, the parietal lobe, frontal lobe and occipital lobe.Each function has their own purpose but some region are associated with more than one function.  Functions, such as vision, hearing, and speech, are distributed in selected regions.

The (1) forebrain is credited with the highest intellectual functions — thinking, planning, and problem-solving. The hippocampus is involved in memory. The thalamus serves as a relay station for almost all the information coming into the brain. Neurons in the hypothalamus serve as relay stations for internal regulatory systems by monitoring information coming in from the autonomic nervous system and commanding the body through those nerves and the pituitary gland.

On the upper surface of the (2) midbrain are two pairs of small hills, colliculi, collections of cells that relay specific sensory information from sense organs to the brain.

The (3) hindbrain consists of the pons and medulla oblongata, which help control respiration and heart
rhythms, and the cerebellum, which helps control movement as well as cognitive processes that require precise timing.

Don't be surprised that our brain contains 100 million of cells...Amazing, right?

CNS and PNS

Did you ever hear about PNS and CNS?

Actually, this is Neurology field which related to the nervous system.The CNS or Central Nervous System includes the brain in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the vertebral canal

The PNS or Peripheral Nervous System is composed  of spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and autonomic nerves. The PNS also contains supporting cells.

• cranial nerves- connect the brain to the face, eyes, ears, mouth and other areas of your head
• peripheral nerves- connect the brain to your extremities (arms and hands, legs and feet)
• autonomic nerves- connect the spinal cord  to your stomach, intestines, heart, lungs, bladder and sex organs

The following are the common deseases related with the neurology

• tremors/Parkinson’s disease
• migraines/headaches
• facial pain (trigeminal neuralgia)
• cognitive dysfunction (Alzheimer’s/dementia)
• numbness/tingling in the extremities (peripheral neuropathy)
• dizziness/vertigo
• seizure disorders
• restless legs syndrome
• sleep apnea
• sciatica/back pain

A Big Surprise!! My Cousin Falls from 3rd Floor

He just 12 years old. On that day, he played with his friends at 3rd floor. No body could explain what happened.

To Experience Pleasure

Assalamualaikum wbt and have a good day!

This blog was created for many reasons. I don't know how to start first but since successful blogging is partially dependent on posting frequency and also it provides updated, I think this is a perfect way to help me stay abreast in my field. I like to do any scientific research. Now, Allah SWT put me here and I should struggle to accomplish my goal.

Very interesting to discuss about brain and soul. You will know what to do during feeling sad, happy or disappointed. No body in this world would be happy for all time.